Post Mastectomy Pain Syndrome (PMPS) is a type of chronic
neuropathic pain disorder that can occur following breast cancer procedures. It
occurs particularly after operations that remove tissue in the upper outer quadrant
of the breast and/or axilla which includes total mastectomy, partial
mastectomy, lumpectomy and even breast reconstruction.
PMPS is caused by direct nerve injury like ischemia,
compression, severance, stretching during the breast cancer operation or from
subsequent formation of a traumatic neuroma or scar tissue. These can result to
different types of sensory disturbances like tingling, burning, numbness.
Breast cancer operations can damage brachial plexus, intercostobrachial,
lateral cutaneous branch of second intercostal, long thoracic (winged scapula)
and medial and lateral pectoral nerves that innervate the breast, chest wall,
and ipsilateral extremity. This could impair movement or use of the affected
arm, and can lead to stiffness, pain and limited shoulder rotation, a condition
called frozen shoulder. The pain can also be aggravated or worsened by shoulder
strain, household chores and even simple stretching like combing the hair.
Managing the symptoms of PMPS is important not only for pain
relief but also to reduce the negative impact on daily actibities and quality
of life. Initially the use of NSAIDs can be helpful. For pain limited to
surgical scar, injections of local anesthetic or steroid can be beneficial.
Sometimes more extensive pain management is required. Antidepressants such as
amitriptyline, anticonvulsants such as gabapentin and opioids like oxycodone
can be used to relieve neuropathic pain. Nerve block can be another option for
the pain. Non medical interventions can be helpful too, which includes massage
therapy, reflexology, and acupuncture. Arm and shoulder exercises is helpful
when it comes to increase range of motion to prevent frozen shoulder.
Know why you should study MBBS abroad in Philippines
ReplyDeleteIf you are planning to study mbbs in philippines abroad, then make you list ready for the places you would love to go. Consider studying MBBS in UV Gullas College of Medicine, a recognized one. There are some reason that sum up why you should be opting for the same.
1. Reduced cost of accommodation will not prove to be constrained and is easily affordable by many. The result is that the cost won’t make a hole in your pocket unlike many other Indian Universities.
2. Universities recognized by MCI, WHO, and other international bodies. So, opting for a MBBS degree from Philippines might be an enriching experience for you.
3. World class and modern amenities are generally available in the hostels. You will have 24/7 running water, electricity supply, and many other things that would ensure 100% comfort to a student.
4. No entrance examination for the students. You can apply through proper procedure and your selection will be made after proper evaluation of performance of 12th standard. This is the most advantageous point for students opting to study MBBS abroad.
5. Safe and healthy atmosphere is ensured by the University hostels. This would ensure a great learning atmosphere that can help you become a seasoned doctor.
6. Since English is the medium of instruction so students face no language barrier while studying in this University. Students from all English speaking countries opt to learn in Philippines.
7. Students to get globally recognized degree. This would help them to skip countries and go anywhere else for employment. You have to clear the qualifying examination before skipping countries.
MBBS in UV Gullas College of Medicine could be a great option for a student aspiring to complete medical studies with limited budget. Check the requirements and criteria before you can actually dive into.